{"id":1470,"date":"2020-07-07T11:38:02","date_gmt":"2020-07-07T10:38:02","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/sites.manchester.ac.uk\/ifaam\/?page_id=1470"},"modified":"2020-07-15T11:56:40","modified_gmt":"2020-07-15T10:56:40","slug":"risk-models","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/sites.manchester.ac.uk\/ifaam\/risk-models\/","title":{"rendered":"Risk models for managing allergens in food"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>[et_pb_section bb_built=&#8221;1&#8243; admin_label=&#8221;section&#8221; fullwidth=&#8221;on&#8221; next_background_color=&#8221;#000000&#8243; global_module=&#8221;322&#8243;][et_pb_fullwidth_menu global_parent=&#8221;322&#8243; _builder_version=&#8221;3.0.106&#8243; menu_id=&#8221;7&#8243; submenu_direction=&#8221;downwards&#8221; fullwidth_menu=&#8221;off&#8221; background_layout=&#8221;dark&#8221; module_class=&#8221;main-navigation&#8221; \/][\/et_pb_section][et_pb_section bb_built=&#8221;1&#8243; fullwidth=&#8221;off&#8221; specialty=&#8221;off&#8221; transparent_background=&#8221;off&#8221; allow_player_pause=&#8221;off&#8221; inner_shadow=&#8221;off&#8221; parallax=&#8221;off&#8221; parallax_method=&#8221;on&#8221; make_fullwidth=&#8221;off&#8221; use_custom_width=&#8221;off&#8221; width_unit=&#8221;on&#8221; make_equal=&#8221;off&#8221; use_custom_gutter=&#8221;off&#8221; custom_padding=&#8221;||0px|&#8221; prev_background_color=&#8221;#ffffff&#8221; next_background_color=&#8221;#ffffff&#8221;][et_pb_row allow_player_pause=&#8221;off&#8221; parallax=&#8221;off&#8221; parallax_method=&#8221;on&#8221; parallax_1=&#8221;off&#8221; parallax_method_1=&#8221;off&#8221; make_fullwidth=&#8221;off&#8221; use_custom_width=&#8221;off&#8221; width_unit=&#8221;on&#8221; use_custom_gutter=&#8221;off&#8221; make_equal=&#8221;off&#8221; custom_margin=&#8221;||0px|&#8221; custom_padding=&#8221;||0px|&#8221; module_class=&#8221;breadcrumbs-row&#8221; background_position=&#8221;top_left&#8221; background_repeat=&#8221;repeat&#8221; background_size=&#8221;initial&#8221;][et_pb_column type=&#8221;4_4&#8243;][et_pb_text admin_label=&#8221;Breadcrumbs (do not remove)&#8221; background_layout=&#8221;light&#8221; text_orientation=&#8221;left&#8221; use_border_color=&#8221;off&#8221; border_color=&#8221;#ffffff&#8221; border_style=&#8221;solid&#8221; module_class=&#8221;breadcrumbs&#8221; custom_css_main_element=&#8221;border-bottom: 1px solid #ececed;&#8221; module_alignment=&#8221;left&#8221; background_position=&#8221;top_left&#8221; background_repeat=&#8221;repeat&#8221; background_size=&#8221;initial&#8221;]<\/p>\n<span><span><a href=\"https:\/\/sites.manchester.ac.uk\/ifaam\/\">iFAAM<\/a><\/span><\/span>\n<p>[\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][\/et_pb_section][et_pb_section bb_built=&#8221;1&#8243; fullwidth=&#8221;off&#8221; specialty=&#8221;on&#8221; transparent_background=&#8221;off&#8221; allow_player_pause=&#8221;off&#8221; inner_shadow=&#8221;off&#8221; parallax=&#8221;off&#8221; parallax_method=&#8221;on&#8221; parallax_1=&#8221;off&#8221; parallax_method_1=&#8221;off&#8221; parallax_2=&#8221;off&#8221; parallax_method_2=&#8221;off&#8221; make_fullwidth=&#8221;off&#8221; use_custom_width=&#8221;off&#8221; width_unit=&#8221;on&#8221; make_equal=&#8221;off&#8221; use_custom_gutter=&#8221;on&#8221; gutter_width=&#8221;2&#8243; prev_background_color=&#8221;#ffffff&#8221; next_background_color=&#8221;#1d1d1d&#8221;][et_pb_column type=&#8221;1_3&#8243;][et_pb_sidebar admin_label=&#8221;Left Nav Sidebar&#8221; area=&#8221;et_pb_widget_area_1&#8243; orientation=&#8221;left&#8221; remove_border=&#8221;on&#8221; background_layout=&#8221;light&#8221; module_id=&#8221;left-nav-menu&#8221; show_border=&#8221;off&#8221; \/][\/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=&#8221;2_3&#8243; specialty_columns=&#8221;2&#8243;][et_pb_row_inner admin_label=&#8221;Row&#8221;][et_pb_column_inner type=&#8221;4_4&#8243; saved_specialty_column_type=&#8221;2_3&#8243;][et_pb_text background_layout=&#8221;light&#8221; text_orientation=&#8221;left&#8221; use_border_color=&#8221;off&#8221; module_alignment=&#8221;left&#8221; background_position=&#8221;top_left&#8221; background_repeat=&#8221;repeat&#8221; background_size=&#8221;initial&#8221; _builder_version=&#8221;3.17.6&#8243;]<\/p>\n<h1>Risk models for managing allergens in food<\/h1>\n<p>Allergens are an unusual food hazard in that they are harmless to more than 95% of consumers, but it can be possible for allergens to find their way into food products unintentionally, especially when shared facilities and processing lines are used.<\/p>\n<h2>Accidental reactions<\/h2>\n<p>Working with patient organisations, incidents of reactions from Spain, France, Poland and Germany were analysed, which showed pre-packed food was responsible for reactions in adults and children. The majority of reactions took place in the home for children, but only around half for adults.<\/p>\n<h2>Consumer attitudes to precautionary allergen labelling (PAL)<\/h2>\n<p>PAL is used by the food industry to tell consumers when food products may contain unintended allergens that could cause them to have a reaction. Working with different stakeholders, iFAAM identified that:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>the lack of agreed reference doses means PAL is not applied in a consistent manner and does not reflect the presence of unintended allergens;<\/li>\n<li>phrases such as &#8216;This product is not suitable for&#8217; and &#8216;May contain&#8217; were the most acceptable to food-allergic consumers;<\/li>\n<li>trust in PAL has been lost, reducing the ability of consumers with food allergies to make informed choices, reducing quality of life and increasing risk-taking by consumers who often ignore PAL;<\/li>\n<li>trust in PAL could be improved if it was used together with an indication that a risk assessment process had been used.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>Food recalls<\/h2>\n<p>Analysis of recalls in Europe, North America, Hong Kong, Australia and New Zealand showed the vast majority of the recalls were as a result of labelling errors, with up to 17% being caused by the unintended presence of an allergen.<\/p>\n<h3>Number of recalls per known allergen<\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li>Milk: 258<\/li>\n<li>Sulphur dioxide and sulphites: 182<\/li>\n<li>Cereals containing gluten: 102<\/li>\n<li>Soybeans: 60<\/li>\n<li>Peanuts: 57<\/li>\n<li>Eggs: 55<\/li>\n<li>Nuts: 45<\/li>\n<li>Celery: 23<\/li>\n<li>Mustard: 13<\/li>\n<li>Molluscs: 7.6<\/li>\n<li>Fish: 6<\/li>\n<li>Sesame seeds: 5.4<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Methods have been developed to assess the risk that such unintended allergens pose of causing an allergic reaction. iFAAM has contributed the development of these models by:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>enriching a pre-existing database of oral food challenge data on different foods, with data from the EuroPrevall and iFAAM studies;<\/li>\n<li>a common set of food consumption data (consumption in a meal) was developed using data from Denmark, the Netherlands and France, and grouped to allow their use in allergen risk assessment;<\/li>\n<li>the data on threshold doses and consumption were then used to develop the iFAAM Tier 1 and Tier 2 risk assessment approaches, together with an allergen tracking tool and a risk mitigation matrix. To find out more about the <a href=\"https:\/\/sites.manchester.ac.uk\/ifaam\/#tool\">tools developed in iFAAM<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>[\/et_pb_text][et_pb_accordion _builder_version=&#8221;3.17.6&#8243;][et_pb_accordion_item _builder_version=&#8221;3.17.6&#8243; title=&#8221;Further reading &#8220;]<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>DunnGalvin, A, Roberts, G, Regent, L, et al (2019) <a href=\"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full\/10.1111\/cea.13479\">Understanding how consumers with food allergies make decisions based on precautionary labelling<\/a><\/li>\n<li>DunnGalvin A, Chan C H, Crevel R, et al (2015) <a href=\"https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/25808296\/\">Precautionary allergen labelling: perspectives from key stakeholder groups<\/a><\/li>\n<li>Bucchini L, Guzzon A, Poms R, Senyuva H (2016) <a href=\"https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/27004727\/\">Analysis and critical comparison of food allergen recalls from the European Union, USA, Canada, Hong Kong, Australia and New Zealand<\/a><\/li>\n<li>Taylor S L, Baumert J L, Kruizinga A G, et al (2014)<a href=\"https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/24184597\/\"> Establishment of Reference Doses for residues of allergenic foods: report of the VITAL Expert Panel<\/a><\/li>\n<li>Ballmer-Weber BK, Fernandez-Rivas M, Beyer K, et al (2015) <a href=\"https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/25589011\/\">How much is too much? Threshold dose distributions for 5 food allergens<\/a><\/li>\n<li>Birot S, Madsen C B, Kruizinga A G, Christensen T, Brockhoff P B (2017) <a href=\"https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/29778497\/\">A procedure for grouping food consumption data for use in food allergen risk assessment<\/a><\/li>\n<li>Birot S, Madsen C B, Kruizinga A G, Cr\u00e9pet A, Christensen T, Brockhoff P B (2018) <a href=\"https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/29778497\/\">Food groups for allergen risk assessment: Combining food consumption data from different countries in Europe<\/a><\/li>\n<li>Blom W M, Remington B C, Baumert J L, Bucchini L, Cr\u00e9pet A, Crevel R W R, Madsen C B, Taylor S L, Houben G F, Kruizinga A G (2019) <a href=\"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0278691519300195\">Sensitivity analysis to derive a food consumption point estimate for deterministic food allergy risk assessment<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>[\/et_pb_accordion_item][\/et_pb_accordion][\/et_pb_column_inner][\/et_pb_row_inner][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_section][et_pb_section bb_built=&#8221;1&#8243; 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Accidental reactions Working with patient organisations, [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":12,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"_et_pb_use_builder":"on","_et_pb_old_content":"","_et_gb_content_width":"","_exactmetrics_skip_tracking":false,"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-1470","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/sites.manchester.ac.uk\/ifaam\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/1470","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/sites.manchester.ac.uk\/ifaam\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/sites.manchester.ac.uk\/ifaam\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sites.manchester.ac.uk\/ifaam\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/12"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sites.manchester.ac.uk\/ifaam\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=1470"}],"version-history":[{"count":8,"href":"https:\/\/sites.manchester.ac.uk\/ifaam\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/1470\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":1503,"href":"https:\/\/sites.manchester.ac.uk\/ifaam\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/1470\/revisions\/1503"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/sites.manchester.ac.uk\/ifaam\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1470"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}