{"id":1519,"date":"2022-03-09T09:53:02","date_gmt":"2022-03-09T09:53:02","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/sites.manchester.ac.uk\/pragmatics-in-cyclicity\/?page_id=1519"},"modified":"2022-03-10T10:16:56","modified_gmt":"2022-03-10T10:16:56","slug":"what-is-cyclic-language-change","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/sites.manchester.ac.uk\/pragmatics-in-cyclicity\/home\/about\/what-is-cyclic-language-change\/","title":{"rendered":"What is cyclic language change?"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>[et_pb_section bb_built=&#8221;1&#8243; admin_label=&#8221;section&#8221; fullwidth=&#8221;on&#8221; next_background_color=&#8221;#000000&#8243; global_module=&#8221;322&#8243;][et_pb_fullwidth_menu global_parent=&#8221;322&#8243; _builder_version=&#8221;3.0.106&#8243; menu_id=&#8221;7&#8243; submenu_direction=&#8221;downwards&#8221; fullwidth_menu=&#8221;off&#8221; background_layout=&#8221;dark&#8221; module_class=&#8221;main-navigation&#8221; \/][\/et_pb_section][et_pb_section bb_built=&#8221;1&#8243; fullwidth=&#8221;off&#8221; specialty=&#8221;off&#8221; transparent_background=&#8221;off&#8221; allow_player_pause=&#8221;off&#8221; inner_shadow=&#8221;off&#8221; parallax=&#8221;off&#8221; parallax_method=&#8221;on&#8221; make_fullwidth=&#8221;off&#8221; use_custom_width=&#8221;off&#8221; width_unit=&#8221;on&#8221; make_equal=&#8221;off&#8221; use_custom_gutter=&#8221;off&#8221; custom_padding=&#8221;0px||0px|&#8221; custom_css_main_element=&#8221;padding-top:0px&#8221; module_class=&#8221;header-image-section&#8221; prev_background_color=&#8221;#ffffff&#8221; next_background_color=&#8221;#ffffff&#8221;][et_pb_row allow_player_pause=&#8221;off&#8221; parallax=&#8221;off&#8221; parallax_method=&#8221;on&#8221; parallax_1=&#8221;off&#8221; parallax_method_1=&#8221;off&#8221; make_fullwidth=&#8221;off&#8221; use_custom_width=&#8221;off&#8221; width_unit=&#8221;on&#8221; use_custom_gutter=&#8221;off&#8221; make_equal=&#8221;off&#8221; custom_margin=&#8221;||0px|&#8221; custom_padding=&#8221;||0px|&#8221; module_class=&#8221;header-image&#8221; background_position=&#8221;top_left&#8221; background_repeat=&#8221;repeat&#8221; background_size=&#8221;initial&#8221;][et_pb_column type=&#8221;4_4&#8243;][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][\/et_pb_section][et_pb_section bb_built=&#8221;1&#8243; fullwidth=&#8221;off&#8221; specialty=&#8221;off&#8221; transparent_background=&#8221;off&#8221; allow_player_pause=&#8221;off&#8221; inner_shadow=&#8221;off&#8221; parallax=&#8221;off&#8221; parallax_method=&#8221;on&#8221; make_fullwidth=&#8221;off&#8221; use_custom_width=&#8221;off&#8221; width_unit=&#8221;on&#8221; make_equal=&#8221;off&#8221; use_custom_gutter=&#8221;off&#8221; custom_padding=&#8221;||0px|&#8221; prev_background_color=&#8221;#ffffff&#8221; next_background_color=&#8221;#ffffff&#8221;][et_pb_row allow_player_pause=&#8221;off&#8221; parallax=&#8221;off&#8221; parallax_method=&#8221;on&#8221; parallax_1=&#8221;off&#8221; parallax_method_1=&#8221;off&#8221; make_fullwidth=&#8221;off&#8221; use_custom_width=&#8221;off&#8221; width_unit=&#8221;on&#8221; use_custom_gutter=&#8221;off&#8221; make_equal=&#8221;off&#8221; custom_margin=&#8221;||0px|&#8221; custom_padding=&#8221;||0px|&#8221; module_class=&#8221;breadcrumbs-row&#8221; background_position=&#8221;top_left&#8221; background_repeat=&#8221;repeat&#8221; background_size=&#8221;initial&#8221;][et_pb_column type=&#8221;4_4&#8243;][et_pb_text admin_label=&#8221;Breadcrumbs (do not remove)&#8221; background_layout=&#8221;light&#8221; text_orientation=&#8221;left&#8221; use_border_color=&#8221;off&#8221; border_color=&#8221;#ffffff&#8221; border_style=&#8221;solid&#8221; module_class=&#8221;breadcrumbs&#8221; custom_css_main_element=&#8221;border-bottom: 1px solid #ececed;&#8221; module_alignment=&#8221;left&#8221; background_position=&#8221;top_left&#8221; background_repeat=&#8221;repeat&#8221; background_size=&#8221;initial&#8221;]<\/p>\n<span><span><a href=\"https:\/\/sites.manchester.ac.uk\/pragmatics-in-cyclicity\/\">Pragmatics in Cyclicity<\/a><\/span><\/span>\n<p>[\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][\/et_pb_section][et_pb_section bb_built=&#8221;1&#8243; fullwidth=&#8221;off&#8221; specialty=&#8221;on&#8221; transparent_background=&#8221;off&#8221; allow_player_pause=&#8221;off&#8221; inner_shadow=&#8221;off&#8221; parallax=&#8221;off&#8221; parallax_method=&#8221;on&#8221; parallax_1=&#8221;off&#8221; parallax_method_1=&#8221;off&#8221; parallax_2=&#8221;off&#8221; parallax_method_2=&#8221;off&#8221; make_fullwidth=&#8221;off&#8221; use_custom_width=&#8221;off&#8221; width_unit=&#8221;on&#8221; make_equal=&#8221;off&#8221; use_custom_gutter=&#8221;on&#8221; gutter_width=&#8221;2&#8243; prev_background_color=&#8221;#ffffff&#8221; next_background_color=&#8221;#1d1d1d&#8221;][et_pb_column type=&#8221;1_3&#8243;][et_pb_sidebar admin_label=&#8221;Left Nav Sidebar&#8221; area=&#8221;et_pb_widget_area_1&#8243; orientation=&#8221;left&#8221; remove_border=&#8221;on&#8221; background_layout=&#8221;light&#8221; module_id=&#8221;left-nav-menu&#8221; show_border=&#8221;off&#8221; \/][\/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=&#8221;2_3&#8243; specialty_columns=&#8221;2&#8243;][et_pb_row_inner admin_label=&#8221;Row&#8221;][et_pb_column_inner type=&#8221;4_4&#8243; saved_specialty_column_type=&#8221;2_3&#8243;][et_pb_text background_layout=&#8221;light&#8221; text_orientation=&#8221;left&#8221; use_border_color=&#8221;off&#8221; module_alignment=&#8221;left&#8221; background_position=&#8221;top_left&#8221; background_repeat=&#8221;repeat&#8221; background_size=&#8221;initial&#8221; _builder_version=&#8221;3.17.6&#8243;]<\/p>\n<h1>What is cyclic language change?<\/h1>\n<p class=\"subHeading\">Linguistic cycles are regular, recurrent patterns of language change taking place in a structured manner. They have inherent direction, typically involving the loss of a particular linguistic item and its renewal by another, but also in some instances changes internal to a given item or construction.<\/p>\n<p>Probably the most widely known example of a cyclic development is the so-called Jespersen Cycle, which has been observed in many different languages at different periods. Here, an item functioning as a marker of standard negation in a given language (for example Old French preverbal ne) is first optionally accompanied by an additional marker in certain contexts (for example postverbal pas\/mie in Old Fr). Eventually, the newer marker becomes obligatory, and the older one starts to drop out, and may disappear completely. The newer marker may then move into the slot that used to be occupied by the older marker in some or all contexts (thus, pas has become preverbal in infinitival clauses). Schematically:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>ne Verb &gt; ne V (pas) &gt; ne V pas &gt; (ne) V pas &gt; V pas &gt; pas V<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>In other cases, the original negative marker merges with the newer one (for example Old Latin ne + oenum \u2018not one\u2019 &gt; non). Several cycles may be completed within the same language or across a mother and a daughter language, as has happened across Latin and French.<\/p>\n<p>While it has been known since the early 20th c. that cyclic developments can be found at the level of (morpho)syntactic change (\u2248 grammar), recent research has revealed that cycles also occur in the domain of semantics and pragmatics (\u2248 meaning), at hitherto unsuspected levels of granularity. Thus, for instance, both the by now obsolete Old French adverb\/conjunction ainz and the Modern French adverb plut\u00f4t have successively undergone change from expressing temporal anteriority (\u2018earlier\u2019\/\u2019sooner\u2019) to expressing subjective preference (\u2018rather\u2019), and from there to expressing correction.<\/p>\n<p>[\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column_inner][\/et_pb_row_inner][et_pb_row_inner admin_label=&#8221;Row&#8221;][et_pb_column_inner type=&#8221;1_2&#8243; saved_specialty_column_type=&#8221;2_3&#8243;][et_pb_code admin_label=&#8221;Promo &#8211; bibliography&#8221; _builder_version=&#8221;3.17.6&#8243;]<a href='https:\/\/sites.manchester.ac.uk\/pragmatics-in-cyclicity\/home\/bibliography\/'> <!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] --><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] --><\/p>\n<div class=\"overlay promo_box\">  <!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] --><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] --><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/sites.manchester.ac.uk\/pragmatics-in-cyclicity\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/363\/2022\/03\/bibliography-promo.jpg\" alt=\"A stack of books on a wood table. Library in the background.\"> <!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] --><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] --><figcaption class=\"promo_caption\"> <!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] --><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] --><\/p>\n<h2>Bibliography<\/h2>\n<p> <!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] --><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] --><\/figcaption><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] --><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] --><\/div>\n<p> <!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] --><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] --><!\u2013- [et_pb_br_holder] -\u2013> <!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] --><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] --><pee>Explore an evolving bibliography of studies relating to the role of pragmatics in cyclic language change.<\/pee> <\/a>[\/et_pb_code][\/et_pb_column_inner][et_pb_column_inner type=&#8221;1_2&#8243; saved_specialty_column_type=&#8221;2_3&#8243;][et_pb_code admin_label=&#8221;Promo &#8211; workshops&#8221; _builder_version=&#8221;3.17.6&#8243;]<a href='https:\/\/sites.manchester.ac.uk\/pragmatics-in-cyclicity\/home\/workshops\/'> <!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] --><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] --><\/p>\n<div class=\"overlay promo_box\">  <!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] --><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] --><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/sites.manchester.ac.uk\/pragmatics-in-cyclicity\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/363\/2022\/03\/workshops-promo.jpg\" alt=\"Collection of vintage woodworking tools lay flat on a rough workbench.\"> <!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] --><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] --><figcaption class=\"promo_caption\"> <!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] --><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] --><\/p>\n<h2>Workshops<\/h2>\n<p> <!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] --><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] --><\/figcaption><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] --><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] --><\/div>\n<p><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] --><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] --><!\u2013- [et_pb_br_holder] -\u2013> <!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] --><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] --><pee>Find out about our workshops for AHRC Research Network members and associates.<\/pee> <\/a>[\/et_pb_code][\/et_pb_column_inner][\/et_pb_row_inner][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_section][et_pb_section bb_built=&#8221;1&#8243; admin_label=&#8221;Connect Title&#8221; custom_padding=&#8221;0px||0px|&#8221; _builder_version=&#8221;3.0.90&#8243; background_color=&#8221;#1d1d1d&#8221; module_class=&#8221;footer-section&#8221; prev_background_color=&#8221;#ffffff&#8221; global_module=&#8221;380&#8243;][et_pb_row admin_label=&#8221;row&#8221; global_parent=&#8221;380&#8243; locked=&#8221;off&#8221; allow_player_pause=&#8221;off&#8221; parallax=&#8221;off&#8221; parallax_method=&#8221;on&#8221; parallax_1=&#8221;off&#8221; parallax_method_1=&#8221;off&#8221; parallax_2=&#8221;off&#8221; parallax_method_2=&#8221;off&#8221; parallax_3=&#8221;off&#8221; parallax_method_3=&#8221;off&#8221; make_fullwidth=&#8221;off&#8221; use_custom_width=&#8221;off&#8221; width_unit=&#8221;on&#8221; use_custom_gutter=&#8221;off&#8221; make_equal=&#8221;off&#8221; module_id=&#8221;footer-row&#8221; _builder_version=&#8221;3.0.89&#8243;][et_pb_column type=&#8221;1_3&#8243;][et_pb_text admin_label=&#8221;Contact Us Title&#8221; global_parent=&#8221;380&#8243; background_layout=&#8221;dark&#8221; text_text_color=&#8221;#ffffff&#8221; parent_locked=&#8221;off&#8221; background_position=&#8221;top_left&#8221; background_repeat=&#8221;repeat&#8221; background_size=&#8221;initial&#8221;]<\/p>\n<h4>Contact Us<\/h4>\n<p>[\/et_pb_text][et_pb_text admin_label=&#8221;Contact Us&#8221; global_parent=&#8221;380&#8243; text_text_color=&#8221;#aaaaaa&#8221; parent_locked=&#8221;off&#8221; background_layout=&#8221;light&#8221; text_orientation=&#8221;left&#8221; use_border_color=&#8221;off&#8221; border_color=&#8221;#ffffff&#8221; border_style=&#8221;solid&#8221; module_class=&#8221;contact-us&#8221; background_position=&#8221;top_left&#8221; background_repeat=&#8221;repeat&#8221; background_size=&#8221;initial&#8221;]<\/p>\n<p>+44 (0) 161 306 6000<\/p>\n<p>[\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=&#8221;1_3&#8243;][et_pb_text admin_label=&#8221;Find Us Title&#8221; global_parent=&#8221;380&#8243; background_layout=&#8221;dark&#8221; text_text_color=&#8221;#ffffff&#8221; parent_locked=&#8221;off&#8221; background_position=&#8221;top_left&#8221; background_repeat=&#8221;repeat&#8221; background_size=&#8221;initial&#8221;]<\/p>\n<h4>Find Us<\/h4>\n<p>[\/et_pb_text][et_pb_text admin_label=&#8221;Address&#8221; global_parent=&#8221;380&#8243; background_layout=&#8221;dark&#8221; text_orientation=&#8221;left&#8221; use_border_color=&#8221;off&#8221; border_color=&#8221;#ffffff&#8221; border_style=&#8221;solid&#8221; module_id=&#8221;address&#8221; parent_locked=&#8221;off&#8221; background_position=&#8221;top_left&#8221; background_repeat=&#8221;repeat&#8221; background_size=&#8221;initial&#8221;]<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/www.manchester.ac.uk\/discover\/maps\/interactive-map\/\">The University of Manchester<br \/>Oxford Rd<br \/>Manchester<br \/>M13 9PL<br \/>UK<\/a><\/p>\n<p>[\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=&#8221;1_3&#8243;][et_pb_text admin_label=&#8221;Connect Title&#8221; global_parent=&#8221;380&#8243; background_layout=&#8221;dark&#8221; text_text_color=&#8221;#ffffff&#8221; parent_locked=&#8221;off&#8221; background_position=&#8221;top_left&#8221; background_repeat=&#8221;repeat&#8221; background_size=&#8221;initial&#8221;]<\/p>\n<h4>Connect With Us<\/h4>\n<p>[\/et_pb_text][et_pb_code admin_label=&#8221;Social Media&#8221; global_parent=&#8221;380&#8243; parent_locked=&#8221;off&#8221; _builder_version=&#8221;3.17.6&#8243;]<\/p>\n<ul class=\"inlineList footer-socialIcons\"><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] --><\/p>\n<li><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] --> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/TheUniversityOfManchester\"><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] --> <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/\/assets.manchester.ac.uk\/phase1\/templates\/images\/icon-facebook-50.png\" alt=\"Facebook page for The University of Manchester\" width=\"40\" height=\"40\" \/><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] --> <\/a><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] --><\/li>\n<p><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] --><\/p>\n<li><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] --> <a href=\"https:\/\/twitter.com\/OfficialUoM\"><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] --> <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/\/assets.manchester.ac.uk\/phase1\/templates\/images\/icon-twitter-50.png\" alt=\"Twitter page for The University of Manchester\" width=\"40\" height=\"40\" \/><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] --> <\/a><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] --><\/li>\n<p><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] --><\/p>\n<li><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] --> <a href=\"http:\/\/www.youtube.com\/universitymanchester\"><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] --> <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/\/assets.manchester.ac.uk\/phase1\/templates\/images\/icon-youtube-50.png\" alt=\"YouTube page for The University of Manchester\" width=\"40\" height=\"40\" \/><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] --> <\/a><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] --><\/li>\n<p><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] --><\/p>\n<li><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] --> <a href=\"https:\/\/instagram.com\/officialuom\/\"><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] --> <!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] --> <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/\/assets.manchester.ac.uk\/phase1\/templates\/images\/icon-instagram-50.svg\" alt=\"Instagram page for The University of Manchester\" width=\"40\" height=\"40\" \/><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] --> <\/a><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] --><\/li>\n<p><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] --><\/ul>\n<p>[\/et_pb_code][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][\/et_pb_section]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p><span><span><a href=\"https:\/\/sites.manchester.ac.uk\/pragmatics-in-cyclicity\/\">Pragmatics in Cyclicity<\/a><\/span><\/span> What is cyclic language change?Linguistic cycles are regular, recurrent patterns of language change taking place in a structured manner. They have inherent direction, typically involving the loss of a particular linguistic item and its renewal by another, but also in some instances changes internal to a given item or construction.Probably the most widely known [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2773,"featured_media":0,"parent":1423,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"_et_pb_use_builder":"on","_et_pb_old_content":"","_et_gb_content_width":"","_exactmetrics_skip_tracking":false,"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-1519","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/sites.manchester.ac.uk\/pragmatics-in-cyclicity\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/1519","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/sites.manchester.ac.uk\/pragmatics-in-cyclicity\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/sites.manchester.ac.uk\/pragmatics-in-cyclicity\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sites.manchester.ac.uk\/pragmatics-in-cyclicity\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2773"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sites.manchester.ac.uk\/pragmatics-in-cyclicity\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=1519"}],"version-history":[{"count":4,"href":"https:\/\/sites.manchester.ac.uk\/pragmatics-in-cyclicity\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/1519\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":1587,"href":"https:\/\/sites.manchester.ac.uk\/pragmatics-in-cyclicity\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/1519\/revisions\/1587"}],"up":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sites.manchester.ac.uk\/pragmatics-in-cyclicity\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/1423"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/sites.manchester.ac.uk\/pragmatics-in-cyclicity\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1519"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}